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CHONDROSARCOMA

on February 24, 2018

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TECTAL GLIOMA

Tectal glioma Subtype of brainstem glioma in children with a more benign clinical course; low grade astrocytomas No gender predilection Present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure Headache (59%), papilledema (34%), visual problems, ataxia, vomiting, nausea, etc. Radiographic findings: Located between the aqueduct of Sylvius and the 4th ventricle Enlarged tectum Obliterate the aqueduct of Sylvius Hydrocephalus MRI is diagnostic: Bulbous mass in the region of the quadrigeminal plate Low T1, high T2 signal intensity Enhancement can be minimal or absent in small lesions CT: Variable appearance May show calcification or cystic change Displacement of the ventricular system if present Location not amenable to resection; shunting is necessary for long term survival. Increasing size (>2.5 cm) and w

Understanding Shoulder Impingement Etiology

Normal shoulder joint structures To understand the etiology of subacromial impingement, it is important to understand the unique anatomical characteristics of the subacromial space. Within this space, a number of soft-tissue structures are situated between two rigid structures that move. The superior border (the roof) of the space is the coracoacromial arch, which consists of the acromion, the coracoacromial ligament, and the coracoid process. The acromioclavicular joint is directly superior and posterior to the coracoacromial ligament. The inferior border (the floor) consists of the greater tuberosity of the humerus and the superior aspect of the humeral head. The height of the space between the acromion and the humeral head ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 centimeters as seen on radiographs 32 . However, interposed between these two osseous structures are the rotator cuff tendons, the long head of the biceps tendon, the bursa, and the coracoacromial ligament. Therefore,

PITUITARY ADENOMA - MICRO VS MACRO DIFFERENTIATION

Pituitary adenomas constitute 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. They are classified anatomically based on size: micro-adenoma if less than 10mm and macro-adenoma if more than 10mm in diameter. They are also classified functionally based on whether there are secretory or non-secretory. The most common secretory macro-adenoma is the prolactinoma. Although pituitary micro-adenomas are much more common than macro-adenomas on pathologic examinations, macro-adenomas are twice as frequent on imaging studies. Macro-adenomas are the single most common suprasellar mass (1/3 to 1/2 of lesions). Prolactin-producing hypophyseal adenoma (prolactinoma) is the most common functional pituitary adenoma. Its prevalence peaks in women between 20 and 30 years of age. Hyperprolactinemia can be a cause of infertility and is associated with diminished gonadotropin secretion, secondary amenorrhea, and galactorrhea. When a patient is suspected to have hyperprolactinemia not associated with drugs,

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