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TWINKLING ARTIFACT - URETERIC CALCULI

on November 03, 2013

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On color doppler, there is a multicoloured streak like that of a comet tail seen - twinkling artifact

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PITUITARY ADENOMA - MICRO VS MACRO DIFFERENTIATION

Pituitary adenomas constitute 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. They are classified anatomically based on size: micro-adenoma if less than 10mm and macro-adenoma if more than 10mm in diameter. They are also classified functionally based on whether there are secretory or non-secretory. The most common secretory macro-adenoma is the prolactinoma. Although pituitary micro-adenomas are much more common than macro-adenomas on pathologic examinations, macro-adenomas are twice as frequent on imaging studies. Macro-adenomas are the single most common suprasellar mass (1/3 to 1/2 of lesions). Prolactin-producing hypophyseal adenoma (prolactinoma) is the most common functional pituitary adenoma. Its prevalence peaks in women between 20 and 30 years of age. Hyperprolactinemia can be a cause of infertility and is associated with diminished gonadotropin secretion, secondary amenorrhea, and galactorrhea. When a patient is suspected to have hyperprolactinemia not associated with drugs,

OSTEOMA FRONTAL BONE

USG findings in Ectopic pregnancy

RING OF FIRE - DOPPLER SCAN Ultrasonographic findings Tubal findings in 80-95% Tubal hematoma (40-60%) Heterogeneous mass Tubal ring (50%): Echogenic ring separate from ovary ± Yolk sac ± embryo Tubal ring "lights up" with color Doppler "Ring of fire" May show small EP missed otherwise Pulsed Doppler findings High-velocity, low-resistance flow Ovary findings with tubal ectopic 85% tubal EP on same side as corpusluteum Corpusluteum(CL) appearance is variable Corpusluteumcan mimic EP CorpusluteumDoppler findings Similar to "ring of fire" but in ovary Uterine findings Thick echogenic endometrium Decidual reaction Endometrial cysts "Pseudogestational sac" sign Decidual cast of blood No double-decidual sac sign of IUP Heterotopic pregnancy is rare IUP + EP Echogenic fluid in cul-de-sac Blood in peritoneal space Anechoic fluid considered physiologic Clotted blood often mass-like Blood may be isolated finding 73% will have E

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TWINKLING ARTIFACT - URETERIC CALCULI

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